Impairment values overall are similar to the values assigned in Fourth and Fifth Editions however corrections have been made for certain unsupportable ratings provided in prior Editions, and impairment ratings are now provided for certain conditions which do result in permanent functional deficits yet in the past were not ratable. It was designed by a consensus process to improve the reliability of impairment ratings and, therefore, reduce conflict, increase fairness and ease resolution. The Sixth Edition provides a consistent methodology with a more rationale basis to defining impairment. The new Sixth Edition, published in December 2007, addresses many of the criticisms of prior Editions and reflects significant evolution in the. It is designed to be used as support for legal systems seeking to compensate those with serious injuries or illnesses. Iv The AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment 1 is the recognized international standard used to define impairment. One of the aims of the paper is to focus on coincidence between recordedlightning strokes and number of deaths and injuries, to assess the lightning hazard for population of Poland as whole. The collected data of deaths and injuries in Poland have been analysed taking into account several aspects like: number of cases in individual years and months, sex of the victims, places where lightning accidents took place, etc. Data on lightning deaths or injuries available from these sources are not complete and focused mainly on individual cases, which often are expressed as headline news. So that, practically the only one source of lightning injuries is central or regional public media (newspapers, TV or radio broadcasting companies). The individual institutions like ambulance service, fire brigade or police do not provide this kind of statistical data. Statistical information on lightning deaths in Poland is available from Central Statistical Office only, while information on lightning injuries is difficult to be collected. In 2001 was installed the first lightning location system covering entire of Poland – the SAFIR 3000 (currently named PERUN), which is operated by Institute of Meteorology and Water Management in Warsaw. The paper is addressed to analyses of statistical data related to deaths and injuries caused by CG lightningĭischarges in Poland in 2001-2006. Our measured current distributions and amplitudes formed the base for normative values, which can be used in later experimental investigations regarding the possibilities of individual lightning protection equipment for humans. Consequently, we identified the phenomenon of a flashover as a potential mechanism for humans to survive a lightning strike. The observed current patterns in cases without and with flashover provided information on regions of possible damage in the human head. In our experiments, the time to build up a fully formed flashover varied from approximately 30–700 μs.
Unlike previous theoretical estimates and measurements in technical setups, we observed considerably longer times for the flashover to build up. In case of a flashover, most of the current (98–99%) flowed through the discharge channel. The brain and skull compartments were exposed between 6–13% and 3–6% of the total measured current respectively. Our experiments indicated that the scalp compartment was exposed to the current with a fraction of 80–90%. We used pulse generators to apply aperiodic voltage and current signals that modelled lightning components. The bases of the three compartments were galvanically contacted via copper electrodes to measure the current per compartment. We created head phantoms made of agarose, replicating the geometric and dielectric properties of scalp, skull, and intracranial volume. The aim of this paper is to design an experimental setup to measure the spatial and temporal current distribution during a direct lightning strike to physical head phantoms to establish normative values for personal lightning protection equipment design and testing.
The biological and physical mechanisms of a direct lightning strike in the human head are not well understood. Direct lightning strikes to the human head can lead to various effects, ranging from burnings to death.
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